The treadmill retraining of gait has been proposed as a useful adjunct to conventional physical therapy to restore ability to walk after stroke. This study aimed to inform clinical practice by evaluating the research evidence for the effectiveness of treadmill retraining of gait after stroke. The studies investigated were those published, human, English language, controlled studies investigating treadmill retraining of gait for adults with a diagnosis of stroke and hemiplegia. The authors examined the studies highlighted to identify those which met the inclusion criteria. The studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed by both authors independently and classified into categories : treadmill versus no treatment, treadmill plus partial bodyweight support (PBWS) versus no treatment, treadmill plus PBWS versus treadmill, treadmill versus physical therapy and treadmill plus PBWS versus physical therapy. Each author independently extracted relevant data on the subjects, study design, interventions, outcome measures and results. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion. The findings revealed that twelve studies fit in the inclusion criteria. The review suggests that although treadmill retraining of gait, especially with PBWS, might improve gait parameters and functional mobility, unless treadmill retraining is directed at improving gait speed it might be no more effective than conventional physical therapy at improving gait parameters. The findings of this review are limited by a lack of comprehensive investigation of conventional physical therapy interventions, difficulty comparing primary studies which investigated subjects at different time points after stroke using a variety of outcome measures, and the quality of the included primary studies. This review suggests that there is little evidence to justify the changes taking place in the clinical practice, which are in favor of treadmill retraining of gait after the occurrence of stroke.